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计算机网络安全的概念是什么？网络安全有哪几个特征？各特征的含义是什么？

网络安全指网络系统的软件硬件、以及系统存储和传输中的数据收到保护，不因偶然的或恶意的原因而遭到破坏、更改、泄露，网络系统连续">
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                <h2 id="计算机网络安全思考题："><a href="#计算机网络安全思考题：" class="headerlink" title="计算机网络安全思考题："></a>计算机网络安全思考题：</h2><h3 id="第一章概述"><a href="#第一章概述" class="headerlink" title="第一章概述"></a>第一章概述</h3><h4 id="思考题："><a href="#思考题：" class="headerlink" title="思考题："></a>思考题：</h4><ul>
<li><p><strong>计算机网络安全的概念是什么？网络安全有哪几个特征？各特征的含义是什么？</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>网络安全指网络系统的软件硬件、以及系统存储和传输中的数据收到保护，不因偶然的或恶意的原因而遭到破坏、更改、泄露，网络系统连续可靠正常的运行，网络服务不中断。</li>
<li>网络安全的特征及含义：<ul>
<li>机密性： 指保证信息与信息系统不被非授权的用户实体或过程所获取与使用</li>
<li>完整性： 指信息在生成、传输、存储和使用过程中不应被第三方篡改</li>
<li>可用性 ：指信息与信息系统可被授权实体正常访问的特性，即授权实体在需要时能够存取所需信息</li>
<li>可控性 ：对信息的存取和传播具有完全的控制能力，可以控制信息的流向和行为方式</li>
<li>真实性 ： 包括信息的完整性，准确性和发送人的身份真实性等方面</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><strong><font color=red>列出并简述主动攻击与被动攻击的分类</font></strong> </p>
<p><font color=orange>被动攻击:    试图获取和使用系统中的信息 ，但是不会对系统的资源产生破坏，包括消息内容泄露和流量分析</font></p>
<p><font color=orange>主动攻击： 试图改变系统的资源或者伪装成系统中的合法用户进行操作， 包括假冒，重传，篡改和拒绝服务</font></p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>网络安全体系包括哪几个部分？各部分又由哪几个方面组成？</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>网络安全体系由网络安全技术体系、网络安全组织体系、网络安全管理体系三部分组成</li>
<li>网络安全技术体系包括：物理安全、计算机系统平台安全、通信安全、应用系统安全</li>
<li>网络安全组织体系： 网络安全组织体系是多个网络安全组织按照一定的关系汇集形成的一套组织系统<ul>
<li>我国的网络安全组织体系，一是国家信息安全管理、协调或服务组织系统，二是各政府机构内设的专门承担信息安全管理或服务工作的实体或虚体机构。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>网络安全管理体系由法律管理，制度管理和培训管路3个部分组成</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="第二章-密码学"><a href="#第二章-密码学" class="headerlink" title="第二章 密码学"></a>第二章 密码学</h3><pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python"><span class="token comment"># 古典密码学维吉尼亚密码与希尔密码</span>
<span class="token comment"># 如何利用公钥密码技术实现	即加密又认证</span>
<span class="token comment"># 如何利用公钥密码技术实现	混合加密</span>
<span class="token comment"># 本章重点：Diffe-Hellman 秘钥交换协议 D-h的中间人攻击（简答）</span>
<span class="token comment"># Diffe-Hellman安全性分析</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<h4 id="计算题："><a href="#计算题：" class="headerlink" title="计算题："></a>计算题：</h4><h5 id="维吉尼亚密码"><a href="#维吉尼亚密码" class="headerlink" title="维吉尼亚密码"></a>维吉尼亚密码</h5><p>该密码体制有一个参数n。在加解密时，同样把英文字母映射为0－25的数字再进行运算，并按n个字母一组进行变换。明文空间、密文空间及密钥空间都是长度为n的英文字母串的集合，因此可表示 </p>
<blockquote>
<p>加密变换定义如下：</p>
<p>设密钥 k=(k1,k2,…,kn), 明文m=(m1,m2,…,mn), 加密变换为：Ek(m)=(c1,c2,…,cn), 其中ci(mi + ki)(mod26)，i =1,2,…,n</p>
<p>对密文 c=(c1,c2,…,cn),  解密变换为：Dk(c)=(m1,m2,…,mn), 其中 mi=(ci －ki)(mod26)，i =1,2,…,n</p>
</blockquote>
<h5 id="希尔密码"><a href="#希尔密码" class="headerlink" title="希尔密码"></a>希尔密码</h5><blockquote>
<p>Hill密码算法的基本思想是将n个明文字母通过线性变换，将它们转换为n个密文字母，解密即做逆变换</p>
</blockquote>
<p>算法的密钥K ={ <img src="C:\Users\888888\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\1676351740534.png" style="zoom:67%;" />上的N·N的可逆矩阵}，明文M与密文C均为n维向量</p>
<p>其中：</p>
<img src="D:\gitee-blog\source\_posts\子域名深度挖掘\希尔密码计算.png" style="zoom: 67%;" />

<p>有</p>
<img src="D:\gitee-blog\source\_posts\子域名深度挖掘\希尔密码计算矩阵形式.png" style="zoom: 80%;" />

<p>或写成</p>
<img src="D:\gitee-blog\source\_posts\子域名深度挖掘\希尔密码加密.png" style="zoom:67%;" />

<p>解密变换则为：</p>
<img src="D:\gitee-blog\source\_posts\子域名深度挖掘\希尔密码解密.png" style="zoom:67%;" />

<h5 id="RSA"><a href="#RSA" class="headerlink" title="RSA"></a>RSA</h5><ul>
<li><p>密钥的生成</p>
<ol>
<li>选择两个大素数 p，q，（p，q为互异素数，需要保密）</li>
<li>计算n = p×q， ψ(n) = (p－1)×(q－1)</li>
<li>选择整数 e 使 (ψ(n)，e) =1,   1&lt;e&lt; ψ(n) </li>
<li>计算d，使d = e－1mod ψ(n),</li>
<li>得到：公钥 为{e,n}； 私钥为{d}</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><p>加密(用e，n):         明文：M &lt; n， 密文C = M ^ e(mod n)</p>
</li>
<li><p>解密(用d，n)：      密文C， 明文M = C ^ d (mod n)</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="Diffe-Hellman-秘钥交换协议"><a href="#Diffe-Hellman-秘钥交换协议" class="headerlink" title="Diffe-Hellman 秘钥交换协议"></a>Diffe-Hellman 秘钥交换协议</h5><img src="D:\gitee-blog\source\_posts\子域名深度挖掘\Diffe-Hellman 秘钥交换协议.png" style="zoom: 67%;" />

<h4 id="综合题："><a href="#综合题：" class="headerlink" title="综合题："></a>综合题：</h4><ul>
<li><p><strong><font color=orange>如何利用公钥密码技术实现    即加密又认证 （综合题）</font></strong></p>
<img src="D:\gitee-blog\source\_posts\子域名深度挖掘\公钥密码技术实现加密及认证.png" style="zoom:50%;" />

<p>提供保密：KUb        提供鉴别和签名:KRa    明文消息M</p>
<blockquote>
<p><font color=orange>Alice用自己的私钥进行数字签名，并与源文件一起用Bob的私钥进行加密</font></p>
<p><font color=orange>Bob在收到数据后用自己的私钥进行解密，并可以用Alice的公钥进行验证</font></p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p><strong><font color=orange>如何利用公钥密码技术实现    混合加密 （综合题）</font></strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
<img src="D:\gitee-blog\source\_posts\子域名深度挖掘\混合加密计算.png" style="zoom: 50%;" />

<ul>
<li><p><strong><font color=orange>Diffe-Hellman安全性分析 (综合题)</font></strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>网络安全课本P55页</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><p>Diffie-Hellman算法的优点:</p>
<ol>
<li>仅当需要时才生成密钥,减小了将密钥存储很长一段时间而致使遭受攻击的机会</li>
<li>除对全局参数的约定外,密钥交换不需要事先存在的基础结构</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><p>缺点：</p>
<ol>
<li>在协商密钥的过程中,没有对双方身份的认证</li>
<li>它是计算密集性的,因此容易遭受阻塞性攻击:攻击方请求大量的密钥,而受攻击者花费了相对多的计算资源来求解无用的幂系数而不是在做真正的工作</li>
<li>没办法防止重放攻击</li>
<li>容易遭受”中间人攻击”，即恶意第三方C在和A通信时扮演B,和B通信时扮演A,与A和B都协商了一个密钥,然后C就可以监听和传递通信量</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="思考题：-1"><a href="#思考题：-1" class="headerlink" title="思考题："></a>思考题：</h4><ul>
<li><p><strong><font color=red>简述密码体制及其组成成分：</font></strong></p>
<ul>
<li>用于加解密并能解决网络安全中的机密性、完整性、可用性、可控性和真实性等问题中的一个或几个的系统称为密码体制</li>
<li>包括密文空间C，明文空间P，秘钥空间K , 加密算法E，与解密算法D</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><strong>简述对称密码算法的基本原理</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>对称算法又叫传统密码算法:加密密钥能够从解密密钥中推算出来,反过来也成立。</li>
<li>对称算法要求发送者和接收者在安全通信之前,协商一个密钥。</li>
<li>对称算法的安全性依赖于密钥,泄漏密钥就意味着任何人都能对消息进行加解密。</li>
<li>对称算法的加密和解密表示为:EK(M)=C </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><strong>简述对称密码算法和非对称密码算法的区别：</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><p>在对称密码体制中，加密和解密使用完全相同的秘钥，或者加密秘钥和解密秘钥彼此之间非常容易推导。在公钥密码体系中，加密和解密使用不同的秘钥，而且由其中的一个推导另一个是非常困难的。在两个秘钥中，一个是公开的，而另一个保持秘密性<del>（老师表示这个答案有错）</del></p>
</li>
<li><p>在安全性方面，对称密钥密码体制是基于复杂的非线性变换与迭代运算实现算法安全性的，而非对称密钥密码体制则一般是基于某个公认的数学难题而实现安全性的。</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python"><span class="token comment"># 这部分来自密码学课件，至少比课本上全面</span>
对称秘钥密码体制：加密、解密运算的处理速度块，效率高，算法安全性高，对称密码算法的密钥分发过程复杂，所花代价高； 密钥管理量的困难；保密通信系统的开放性差； 存在数字签名的困难性

非对称密码体制：密钥分配简单，系统密钥量少，便于管理 ，系统开放性好，且可以实现数字签名。加密、解密运算效率较低，处理速度较慢，同等安全强度下，非对称密码体制的密钥位数较多<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><strong><font color=red>RSA算法的理论基础是什么？简述RSA算法的流程？</font></strong></p>
<ul>
<li>大整数的素因子分解是困难问题，即求两个大素数的乘积是容易的，但是将一个大整数分解成两个大素数之积则是困难的<ul>
<li>选取两个大素数p和q，两个数长度接近，一般在256比特长</li>
<li>计算n=p * q, ψ(n)=(p-1)(q-1)</li>
<li>随机选取整数e，满足gcd(e, ψ(n))=1</li>
<li>计算d，满足d*e=1（modψ(n)）</li>
<li>n公开， p和q保密   e为公钥，d为私钥。</li>
<li>消息m &lt; n<br>加密算法：c=E(m)=m^e   (mod n)<br>解密算法：m=D(c)=c^d   (mod n)<br>签名： s=md(mod n)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p> <strong><font color=orange>D-h的中间人攻击（简答）</font></strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
  <img src="D:\gitee-blog\source\_posts\子域名深度挖掘\D-h的中间人攻击.png"  />


                
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